RAD Proceedings

Volume 8, 2024

List of Reviewers

Neuroscience

USING MACHINE LEARNING FOR EARLY ALZHEIMER'S DETECTION IN COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

Orrù Graziella, Piarulli Andrea, Ciro Conversano, Angelo Gemignani

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2024.01

Received: 2 AUG 2024, Received revised: 3 OCT 2024, Accepted: 10 OCT 2024, Published online: 2 NOV 2024

Abstract | References | Cite This | Full Text (PDF)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia, with early detection crucial for effective intervention. Machine learning (ML) has emerged as a promising tool for identifying AD-related biomarkers in neuroimaging and cognitive assessments. We reviewed literature from peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings using PubMed, focusing on studies employing ML for early AD detection through neuroimaging and cognitive data. ML techniques show significant promise in early AD detection. Key studies demonstrate high accuracy in distinguishing between AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and healthy controls. Notable, methods include MRI- based biomarkers, computer-aided diagnosis systems, and various ML algorithms. ML techniques can enhance early AD detection, leading to improved patient outcomes. Despite the promising results, this study did not conduct a systematic review, and further research is needed to address data availability and refine feature selection for better accuracy and generalizability.

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Orrù Graziella, Piarulli Andrea, Ciro Conversano, Angelo Gemignani, "Using machine learning for early Alzheimer's detection in cognitive neuroscience", RAD Conf. Proc., vol. 8, 2024, pp. 1-6; http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2024.01

Radioecology

GROSS BETA-RADIOACTIVITY OF LEAVES OF THUJA PYRAMIDALIS IN CONDITIONS OF HYDROPONICS AND SOIL IN ARARAT VALLEY AND DILIJAN FOREST EXPERIMENTAL STATION

L.M. Ghalachyan, Kh.S. Mayrapetyan, A.H. Tadevosyan, A.A. Ghahramanyan, S.A. Eloyan, A.S. Yeghiazaryan, A.A. Hakobjanyan

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2024.02

Received: 13 SEPR 2024, Received revised: 3 NOV 2024, Accepted: 12 NOV 2024, Published online: 14 NOV 2024

Abstract | References | Cite This | Full Text (PDF)

Armenia is affected by the ecological disaster connected with the forest area reduction. It is a mountainous country with a dry subtropical climate and it has a nuclear power plant (NPP), located in the Ararat Valley. All these are not only the basis of the ecological disaster but also make it deeper. For its prevention, it is necessary to restore and expand green zones, and forests. The use of decorative trees and shrubs with the ability to filter the air from radionuclides (RN) is extremely important in green construction. In recent years, the decorative coniferous tree Thuja occidentalis “Pyramidalis” is one of the most demanded landscaping trees in Armenia. The characteristics of gross β-radioactivity of Thuja pyramidalis leaves were studied under outdoor hydroponic and soil cultivation conditions in the territory of the Institute of Hydroponics Problems (IHP) in the Ararat Valley (a zone with a radius of 30 km from the Armenian NPP) (ANPP) and the Dilijan Forest Experiment Station (DFES) (a zone with a radius of 90 km from the ANPP). This has a practical significance because the use of radio-ecologically favorable tree species and shrubs in green construction will have an important ecological significance. The gross β-radioactivity of the leaf samples was determined by radio-chemical methods using a small background UMF-1500 radiometer using sensor CTC-5. According to results, regardless of the growth zone, hydroponic trees exceeded soil ones in the amount of β-radiating technogenic and natural RN by 1.2-1.3 times. Leaves of the Thuja pyramidalis grown in the IHP territory exceeded those grown in DFES in gross β-radioactivity: in hydroponics - 1.6 times, in soil - 1.7 times. Thuja pyramidalis as a radio-ecologically beneficial tree species is proposed to be used for the creation of green zones. This will have important ecological significance as it will reduce the movement of RN in the biosphere.

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L.M. Ghalachyan, Kh.S. Mayrapetyan, A.H. Tadevosyan, A.A. Ghahramanyan, S.A. Eloyan, A.S. Yeghiazaryan, A.A. Hakobjanyan, "Gross beta-radioactivity of leaves of thuja pyramidalis in conditions of hydroponics and soil in Ararat Valley and Dilijan forest experimental station", RAD Conf. Proc., vol. 8, 2024, pp. 7-11; https://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2024.02

Other topic

TWIST VELOCITY INFLUENCE ON LENGTHWISE FRACTURE OF INHOMOGENEOUS BARS UNDER TORSIONAL LOADING

Victor Rizov

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2024.05

Received: 6 AUG 2024, Received revised: 29 SEP 2024, Accepted: 1 OCT 2024, Published online: 24 NOV 2024

Abstract | References | Cite This | Full Text (PDF)

This paper is concerned with studying the influence of the twist velocity on lengthwise fracture of inhomogeneous load-carrying bar subjected to torsional loading. The bar under consideration has non-linear elastic behavior. The cross-section of the bar is a circle. The bar has three portions with different radius of the cross-section. The bar is under angles of twist that are time-dependent. The material of the bar is continuously inhomogeneous in radial direction. The influence of the twist velocity is taken into account by applying a non-linear stress-strain constitutive law that includes a term with the first derivative of the shear strain with respect to time. This constitutive law is used to develop a theoretical analysis of lengthwise fracture in terms of the strain energy release rate (SERR) with considering the twist velocity. Actually, obtaining of the SERR with taking into account the twist velocity is the basic aim of this paper. The parameters of the stressed and strained state of the twisted bar that are needed for deriving the SERR are obtained by analyzing the equilibrium of the bar portions. The energy balance in the bar is investigated to verify the SERR. Numerical results are obtained and reported in form of graphs for clarifying the effect of various factors and parameters on the SERR in continuously inhomogeneous bars under time-dependent twist.

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Victor Rizov, "Twist velocity influence on lengthwise fracture of inhomogeneous bars under torsional loading", RAD Conf. Proc., vol. 8, 2024, pp. 20-23; https://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2024.05

Microwave, Laser, RF and UV radiations

DIELECTRIC SEALERS AS A SOURCE OF RF OVEREXPOSURE IN WORKING ENVIRONMENT

M. Israel, M. Ivanova, V. Zaryabova, Ts. Shalamanova

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2024.06

Received: 31 OCT 2024, Received revised: 16 JAN 2025, Accepted: 25 JAN 2025, Published online: 30 JAN 2025

Abstract | References | Cite This | Full Text (PDF)

Dielectric heaters/sealers are widely used in the industry for different purposes as: welding, sealing, or curing dielectric materials. They are amongst electromagnetic field (EMF) sources in the industry that may cause excessive exposure to radiofrequency (RF) fields. This is due to their high power and possible use of unshielded electrodes. The frequencies used for sealers operation are in the range 10-100 MHz (mainly 13.56, 27.12, 37.00 and 40.68 MHz). The paper presents study of the electric and magnetic fields in plastic industry in Bulgaria covering 98 dielectric sealers of different types: frequencies 27.12 MHz, 40.68 MHz, 42 MHz. Most of them emit at frequency 27.12 MHz with powers from 0.6 kW to 50 kW. The article discusses specificity of the dielectric sealers as sources of EMFs in working environment and related approaches for measurements and exposure assessment. The average values of the electric field strength measured at the working places were from 64.4 V/m to 143.3 V/m; the maximal values were in the range 130 - 170 V/m, as the highest ones were registered around the highest power sealers (50 kW). Higher values were registered in the working premises with several sealers as well. Maximal electric field strengths reached up to 10 times action levels according to Directive 2013/35/EU [1]. The measured magnetic flux densities were in the range 0.19 – 0.25 μT, exceeding the action levels according to Directive 2013/35/EU. The EMF exposure assessment corresponds to the results of the medical study of workers in plastic industry conducted in our country that has shown adverse health effects observed in 31 % of persons working with dielectric sealers.

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M. Israel, M. Ivanova, V. Zaryabova, Ts. Shalamanova, "Dielectric sealers as a source of RF overexposure in working environment", RAD Conf. Proc., vol. 8, 2024, pp. 24-27; http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2024.06

Radiation Detectors

THE USE OF ORGANIC MATERIAL MAKROCLEAR FOR RADIOCHROMIC INTEGRATING DOSIMETRY OF HADRON BEAMS

David Zoul, Václav Zach, Jan Štursa

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2024.07

Received: 5 SEP 2024, Received revised: 25 NOV 2024, Accepted: 26 DEC 2024, Published online: 30 JAN 2025

Abstract | References | Cite This | Full Text (PDF)

The Laboratory of Cyclotrons and Fast Neutron Generators performed a series of experimental irradiations of MAKROCLEAR radiochromic integrating dosimeters by proton and deuteron beams accelerated on a U-120M cyclotron. These dosimeters have been developed at the Research Centre Rez. The dosimeters prepared in the form of small blocks were successively irradiated by protons and deuterons of various energies and in various doses. The results of the analyzes showed that MAKROCLEAR dosimeters are very useful as inexpensive and readily available integrating proton dosimeters in the dose range up to about 7.5 kGy, where their response in white light and monochromatic light with longer wavelenght (about 640 nm)is practically linear with a dose. An even higher measuring range was seen in the case of deuterons, where the response of dosimeters was linear with a dose up to 15 kGy.

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D. Zoul, "Studie tmavnutí polykarbonátových desek v poli ionizujícího záření, (A study of the changes in optical density of the polycarbonate plates in the field of ionizing radiation)", Bezpečnost jaderné energie (Nuclear power safety), vol. 24, no. 62, pp. 33-38, 2016.
D. Zoul, M. Koplová, M. Zimina, O. Libera, V. Rosnecký, M. Košťál, J. Šimon, M. Schulc, M. Vinš, M. Cabalka, J. Kučera, V. Strunga, H. Štěpánková, V. Římal, J. Čížek, J. Štěpánek, M. Procházka, “Study of chemical processes in irradiated polycarbonate in the context of its applicability for integrating dosimetry of high doses”, Radiat. Phys. Chem., vol. 177, pp. 1-33, 2020.
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David Zoul, Václav Zach, Jan Štursa, "The use of organic material makroclear for radiochromic integrating dosimetry of hadron beams", RAD Conf. Proc., vol. 8, 2024, pp. 28-34; http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2024.07

Radiobiology

EVALUATION OF THE ASSESSMENT DOSE WITH BIODOSIMETRY METHODS, APPLICABLE IN BULGARIA. USE OF DICENTRIC CHROMOSOMAL ASSAY (DCA) AND CYTOKINESIS-BLOCK MICRONUCLEUS ASSAY

Galina Racheva

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2024.08

Received: 24 SEP 2024, Received revised: 18 NOV 2024, Accepted: 17 DEC 2024, Published online: 30 JAN 2025

Abstract | References | Cite This | Full Text (PDF)

Radiation biodosimetry deals with the measurement of a biological response that serves as a surrogate for estimating the absorbed radiation dose in exposed humans. The biodosimetry methods include cytogenetic methods such as dicentric chromosomal assay (DCA), cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN), Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) assay, Premature chromosome condensation (PCC), etc. All of them score the marking damages such dicentric chromosomes or centric rings to calculate the absorbed dose of ionizing radiation. As a part of the European union, Bulgarian radiobiology laboratories had to switch the direction of the mainly research activity to possibility for routine practice of analysis and diagnostic of the assessment dose after ionizing exposure. This possibility determines to use of more precise methods to diagnose cellular injuries accurately. For a short period of time Bulgarian laboratories had to choose method of analysis, to develop working protocols and their own calibration curves for them. The Research laboratory of Radiobiology and Radiation protection, Military Medical Academy-Sofia is in the process of integration of DCA as a main method of biodosimetry and CBMN as a supplementing method. The criteria to choose DCA as a main method is affordability and accuracy of the method. Next stage is to organize the whole process of integration as a routine diagnostic practice as additional source of information for the patients used by the clinical hematologists and oncologists. Aim of the study: The aim of the current study is to present and describe the selected biodosimetry methods, planned to be used in the Military Medical Academy-Sofia. Materials and methods:Dicentric chromosomal assay (DCA) and cytokinesis- block micronucleus assay (CBMN). Results: The review of the described methods, give the priority to the golden standard method (DCA). It is chosen as the most affordable, applicable and highly effective for the needs of the Scientific laboratory of Radiobiology and Radiation protection, Military Medical Academy-Sofia. Cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN) is good supplementary method, but cannot be used as a main dosimetry method, because of its limitations. Conclusion: The biodosimetry assessment of the absorbed dose is a high skilled activity. It has involved team of professionals, correct selection of applicable methods and preliminary optimization of the process. Take into consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the selected methods, the most affordable and effective method is DCA analysis.

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Galina Racheva, "Evaluation of the assessment dose with biodosimetry methods, applicable in Bulgaria. Use of dicentric chromosomal assay (DCA) and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay", RAD Conf. Proc., vol. 8, 2024, pp. 35-38; http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2024.08

Radiation Detectors

IN SITU TESTING OF A PROTOTYPE OF A LASER DOSIMETRY PROBE WITH WIRELESS DATA TRANSMISSION BASED ON THE RADIOCHROMIC PHENOMENON IN AN ORGANIC DETECTION ELEMENT

David Zoul, Hana Vodičková, Jan Vít

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2024.09

Received: 5 SEP 2024, Received revised: 4 DEC 2024, Accepted: 9 JAN 2025, Published online: 12 FEB 2025

Abstract | References | Cite This | Full Text (PDF)

In 2023, the Radiochemistry II Department of the Research Centre Rez tested a prototype of a laser telescopic probe with wireless data transmission, based on the radiochromic phenomenon in an organic detection element. This article includes a detailed description of the entire device, documentation of the course of the performed experiments, and measurement results. The laser dosimetric probes known so far consist of optical fibers, at the end of which a small scintillation or radiochromic element sensitive to ionizing radiation is attached. The use of fiber optics makes sense only in cases where the fiber itself carrying the light signal receives such a low dose of ionizing radiation that it does not measurably affect its optical properties. This technology has therefore found application primarily in the field of radiation oncology, where it is necessary to measure doses in units of centigrays (cGy) to grays (Gy), which fiber optics can handle without any problems. The laser dosimetric probe according to our technical solution eliminates the aforementioned shortcomings. In contrast with the use of optical fibers, there is no Radiation-Induced Attenuation (RIA), nor Cerenkov signal, because the light pipe is filled with air. Despite the loss of flexibility, this constitutes a clear advantage over the use of optical fibers. The probe is designed and tested for measuring very high doses in the order of units to hundreds of kilograys (kGy) and the corresponding dose rates. It is intended for industrial applications, such as measuring dose rates inside the primary circuit of nuclear reactors, near the core of nuclear reactors, in the bowels of high-activity gamma irradiation plants, hot chambers, potentially also at the site of nuclear or general radiation accidents with difficult access to the source of ionizing radiation (fire, collapse, melting of the reactor core, loss of control over the source, etc.) The experiments performed have proven the functionality and temporal stability of the constructed device for dosimetry of high dose rates in hard-to-access spaces, such as the channels of a research nuclear reactor, etc. Pilot measurements of the dose rate directly at the edge of the core during the planned shutdown of the LVR-15 nuclear research reactor have already helped to provide some valuable information on the overall inventory of activity inside the core. From the rate of decline of activity in the active zone during a shutdown, it may be possible in the future to make inferences e.g. also the radioisotope spectrum.

D. Zoul, M. Cabalka, M. Koplová, “A study of using polycarbonate as a reusable radiochromic integrating dosimeter for the determination of high doses of ionizing radiation”, RAD Conference Proceedings, vol. 3, pp. 138-142, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2018.30
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David Zoul , Hana Vodičková, Jan Vít, "In situ testing of a prototype of a laser dosimetry probe with wireless data transmission based on the radiochromic phenomenon in an organic detection element", RAD Conf. Proc., vol. 8, 2024, pp. 39-45; http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2024.09

High Intensity Laser-Plasma Particle Sources

RADIATION PROTECTION AT THE ELI BEAMLINES LASER FACILITY

Benoit Lefebvre, Anna Cimmino, Dávid Horváth, Roman Truneček, Roberto Versaci, Srimanta Maity, Mihail Miceski, Alexander Molodozhentsev, Uddhab Chaulagain, Veronika Olšovcová

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2024.10

Received: 31 OCT 2024, Received revised: 6 JAN 2025, Accepted: 20 JAN 2025, Published online: 23 FEB 2025

Abstract | References | Cite This | Full Text (PDF)

The ELI ERIC (Extreme Light Infrastructure European Research Infrastructure Consortium) aims at developing and operating the next generation of high-power laser systems in Europe. The Czech pillar of the consortium is the ELI Beamlines facility. It hosts world-class lasers with peak powers reaching 10 PW and repetition rates of up to 1 kHz. There, laser-driven beamlines deliver ultra-bright and ultra-short sources of X-rays, ions, and electrons for fundamental and applied research. Beam time is offered to users worldwide. The pulsed mixed radiation fields generated at the facility are challenging from a radiation protection standpoint. The facility beamlines feature cutoff energies reaching up to hundreds of MeV for ions and GeV for electrons. The beams are characterised by a broad spectrum with radiation delivered over an extremely short time structure, generally less than 1 ps. Furthermore, copious amounts of stray ionizing radiation are produced in reason of the intrinsic laser-matter interactions and beam scattering. An overview of radiation protection considerations at the facility is presented on the topics of radiation shielding and monitoring, and Monte Carlo simulation studies. Additionally, radiological case studies of beamlines under commissioning are presented.

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Benoit Lefebvre, Anna Cimmino, Dávid Horváth, Roman Truneček, Roberto Versaci, Srimanta Maity, Mihail Miceski, Alexander Molodozhentsev, Uddhab Chaulagain, Veronika Olšovcová, "Radiation protection at the ELI Beamlines laser facility", RAD Conf. Proc., vol. 8, 2024, pp. 46-52; http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2024.10

Radiopharmaceuticals

ASTATINE-211 AS AN EMERGING RADIOISOTOPE FOR TARGETED ALPHA THERAPY (TAT)

Paulina Apostolova, Jean Francois-Gestin, Sanja Vranjes-Djuric, Marija Arev, Emilija Janevik - Ivanovska

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2024.11

Received: 24 NOV 2024, Received revised: 6 FEB 2025, Accepted: 18 FEB 2025, Published online: 8 MARCH 2025

Abstract | References | Cite This | Full Text (PDF)

Cancer treatment presents complex challenges, necessitating the exploration of innovative approaches for diagnosis and therapy. Among emerging prospects, Radiopharmaceutical Therapy (RPT) using α- emitting radionuclides has gained notable attention. This article provides an overview of the literature on Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT), explicitly focusing on astatine-211 ( 211At). It discusses methodologies for labeling 211At, along with the associated challenges, to contribute to a deeper understanding of its potential role in TAT. The physical properties of 211At make it a promising candidate for treating micrometastases and disseminated tumours. Its high linear energy transfer and limited tissue range minimize the damage to healthy cells. The review explores the implications of the ongoing research project NOAR- COST focused on Network for Optimized Astatine labeled Radiopharmaceuticals. Overall, the article underscores the growing significance of the α-emitting radionuclides in cancer therapy and provides an overview of the clinical studies, highlighting the potential for 211At to become a pivotal component of TAT.

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Paulina Apostolova, Jean Francois-Gestin, Sanja Vranjes-Djuric, Marija Arev, Emilija Janevik-Ivanovska, "Astatine-211 as an emerging radioisotope for Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT)", RAD Conf. Proc., vol. 8, 2024, pp. 53-58; http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2024.11

Medical Imaging

OPTIMIZATION OF THE ACCURACY OF THE ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE TOMOGRAPHY IMAGES OF THE LUNG

Ivaylo Minev, Vedran Jukic, Teodora Gogova, Nikoleta Traykova

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2024.12

Received: 5 DEC 2024, Received revised: 3 MARCH 2025, Accepted: 10 MARCH 2025, Published online: 21 MARCH 2024

Abstract | References | Cite This | Full Text (PDF)

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive method for monitoring of lung ventilation at the bedside. To improve the personalization and increase the information value of the method, optimization of the accuracy of the lung EIT images must be achieved. The main goal of the study was to develop a methodology for individualized reconstruction of the EIT images. The investigation includes computer tomography (CT) and electrical impedance tomography (EIT) data of two mechanically ventilated trauma patients with pulmonary contusion, admitted to the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive care, University hospital “St. George” (Plovdiv, Bulgaria). Following a CT scan analysis, a fem mesh is used for determination of the contour of the patient’s thorax. Subsequently the raw EIT data is reconstructed in the resulting individualized contour. A protocolized approach to the individual patient is created. As a result of a comparative analysis between the lung areas on the CT image and the reconstructed EIT image taken at the corresponding thoracic level, the spatial morphological sensitivity of the EIT is determined (% of overlapping conformity > 82%). Thus, overcoming the limitations for placing the EIT electrodes at different than initially recommended positions, enables the clinical application of EIT in conditions characterized by heterogeneously disseminated or solitary lesions occur. The personalized approach reveals the EIT potential to provide sufficient spatial resolution and image accuracy to support the optimization of mechanical ventilation, especially in case of heterogeneously disseminated or solitary lesions. It enables EIT practical application as a hybrid method for image diagnostics and monitoring of the pathophysiological changes in ventilation and perfusion in pulmonary contusion.

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Ivaylo Minev, Vedran Jukic, Teodora Gogova, Nikoleta Traykova, "Optimization of the accuracy of the electrical impedance tomography images of the lung", RAD Conf. Proc., vol. 8, 2024, pp. 59-63; https://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2024.12

Covid 19

FEAR OF COVID-19 AMONG BULGARIAN HEALTHCARE WORKERS AND RECOVERED PATIENTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Miroslava Petkova, Emil Nikolov

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2024.13

Received: 4 NOV 2024, Received revised: 21 FEB 2025, Accepted: 28 FEB 2025, Published online: 30 MARCH 2025

Abstract | References | Cite This | Full Text (PDF)

The COVID-19 pandemic made a significant impact on global psychological wellbeing. To investigate the impact of COVID-19 on different groups’ behavior, the current study assessed fear of COVID-19, anxiety, depression and sleep quality among medical professionals and patients. The study was proceeding during the period February- June 2021 following the highest number of pandemic-related deaths in Bulgaria. The fear predicted elevated levels of anxiety, depression, and sleep quality were assessed. Purpose: The aim of the study is to assess fear of COVID-19 among frontline healthcare workers in comparison with patients, recovered after the disease. Materials and Methods: The study was a questionnaire-based analytical incorporating four questionnaire-based tools. First questionnaire was used to assess fear of COVID-19. The second was for sleep disturbances assessment, the third questionnaire was used to assess general depression and the forth - anxiety. Results: In terms of sleep status, their average PSQI score was 7.6 (SD = 3.5) points, with a range from 0 to 16 points. According to the cut point of PSQI, 58(42.9%) of medical professionals were suffering from sleep disturbances. On the contrary - average PSQI score was 3.4 (SD = 2.6) points, with a range from 0 to 16 points. According to the cut point of PSQI, 43(41.2%) of recovered patients were suffering from sleep disturbances. Anxiety, depression and fear of COVID-19 were more common in healthcare workers than in patients. Conclusions: 81.9% of female nurses shared sleep disturbances comparing with 15.1% of male medical professionals and 41.2% of male and female patients. During the epidemic period, particular attention must be paid to the mental well-being and sleep quality

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Miroslava Petkova, Emil Nikolov, "Fear of COVID-19 among Bulgarian healthcare workers and recovered patients during the COVID-19 pandemic", RAD Conf. Proc., vol. 8, 2024, pp. 64-67; http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2024.13

Biochemistry

FATTY ACID ENZYME ACTIVITIES AND RISK OF DIABETES MELLITUS

Šaćira Mandal

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2024.14

Received: 21 OCT 2024, Received revised: 28 MARCH 2025, Accepted: 22 APRIL 2025, Published online: 16 MAY 2025

Abstract | References | Cite This | Full Text (PDF)

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes (T2D), is high worldwide and there is an ongoing challenge to find potential biomarkers that could predict the onset of diabetes and provide insight into possible mechanisms for its development. Previously published data have shown that the composition and concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) in plasma/serum are associated with the occurrence and risk of developing diabetes. Recent evidence suggests that the composition and content of free fatty acids are influenced by many factors, such as age, sex, ethnicity, dietary habits of the subjects and their genetic predisposition. Furthermore, endogenous synthesis of FFA and the activities of the enzymes, desaturase and elongase, involved in their metabolism are also associated with the development of diabetes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between different type of free fatty acids and activity of fatty acid enzymes and risk of diabetes. In 145 individuals (aged 30-70 years, both sex: 92 males and 111 females) of which 54 T2D patients, 45 prediabetes patients, 24 newly diagnosed T2D patients and 81 healthy controls, delta 6 desaturase (D6), delta 5 desaturase (D5D), stearoyl CoA-desaturase-1/2 (SCD-1/2) and elongase (ELOVL) activity were estimated from product/precursor FAs ratios (D6D=C18:3n-6/C18:2n-6; D5D=C20:4n-6/C20:3n-6; SCD-1=C16:1n-7/C16:0 and SCD-2=C18:1n-9/C18:0; and ELOVL=C18:1n-7/C16:1n-7, respectively). The clinical parameters including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile and hepatic enzymes were measured by standard analytical methods while the concentrations of individual FFAs were determined by gas chromatography. The results showed that higher concentrations of six FFAs in plasma were significant associated with increasing risk factors of T2D including fasting glucose levels, lipid profile and fatty acid enzymes activity (C14:0 p<0.001; C14:1 p<0.01; C16:1 p<0.001; C18:0 p<0.001; C18:2 p<0.05; C20:4 p<0.01, respectively). Furthermore, the activities of D6D, SCD-1 and ELOVL, and elevated levels of these six free fatty acids, were strongly associated with risk factors in the development of T2D in humans. Therefore, both fatty acid enzymes and individual FFAs could be used as biomarkers in the early diagnosis of T2D and subsequent treatment of future complications of the disease.

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Šaćira Mandal, "Fatty acid enzyme activities and risk of diabetes mellitus", RAD Conf. Proc., vol. 8, 2024, pp. 68-75; http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2024.14

Health and Environment

CALCULATIONS OF MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY IN THE VICINITY OF THE 10/0.4 KV SUBSTATIONS WITH 0.4 KV BUSBARS

Maja Grbić, Aldo Canova

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2024.15

Received: 26 NOV 2024, Received revised: 12 MAY 2025, Accepted: 23 MAY 2025, Published online: 20 JUNE 2025

Abstract | References | Cite This | Full Text (PDF)

The paper addresses a very important topic of the assessment of the general public exposure to magnetic fields in the vicinity of 10/0.4 kV substations. Previous testing results have shown that 10/0.4 kV substations located inside buildings can be a significant source of magnetic field in the rooms located next to them. The levels of magnetic flux density in these cases primarily depend on the transformer type and its rated power as well as on the equipment disposition in the substation. In the cases of substations with oil transformers, the dominant source of magnetic flux density in the environment are usually the 0.4 kV busbars, which connect the transformer and 0.4 kV switchboard. For that reason, the paper focuses on this type of 10/0.4 kV substations. The magnetic flux density levels are determined by calculations which are based on the model of 0.4 kV busbars. The busbars are modeled as straight-line conductors. The calculations are carried out for substations with 400 kVA, 630 kVA and 1000 kVA transformers, which are most commonly used in residential and other buildings. The calculations are repeated for different distances from the busbars and between them and for different values of the transformer rated load. The objective of the performed analysis is to reach general conclusions on the levels of magnetic flux density that may occur in the vicinity of the abovementioned substations, as well as the assessment of compliance with the regulations on the protection of the general public from electromagnetic fields. The obtained results have shown that in some cases the magnetic field levels can significantly exceed the prescribed reference levels. For that reason, the distances from the busbars at which the reference levels will not be exceeded were calculated in the paper for different rated powers of the transformers. The distances calculated in this paper can be used during the design of new substations inside buildings, in order to avoid the appearance of high magnetic field values.

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Maja Grbić, Aldo Canova, "Calculations of magnetic flux density in the vicinity of the 10/0.4 kV substations with 0.4 kV busbars", RAD Conf. Proc., vol. 8, 2024, pp. 76-82; http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2024.15

Health and Environment

CALCULATIONS OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS AT THE LOCATION OF THE INTERSECTION OF TWO OVERHEAD POWER LINES

Maja Grbić, Stefan Obradović, Aleksandar Pavlović

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2024.16

Received: 26 NOV 2024, Received revised: 13 MAY 2025, Accepted: 25 MAY 2025, Published online: 20 JUNE 2025

Abstract | References | Cite This | Full Text (PDF)

The paper is related to an important topic of the exposure of the general public to electric and magnetic fields in the vicinity of transmission overhead power lines. The analysis is carried out for the real situation where there is an intersection of the planned 110 kV double-circuit overhead power line with the existing 400 kV line. The analysis is based on the results of electric field strength and magnetic flux density calculations. The calculations are carried out using a software based on the Partial Element Equivalent Circuit numerical method. The results obtained by using this software were previously verified by comparing them with the results obtained with the model based on infinite straight-line conductors, for the case when there is only one power line. During the analysis of electric and magnetic field calculation results at the location of the intersection, the influence of different phase sequences on the 110 kV line is also analyzed. All the results obtained by calculations are compared with the reference levels prescribed by the legislation on protection of the general public from electromagnetic fields. The method presented in the paper can be used when it is necessary to analyze the levels of electric and magnetic fields at the location of the intersection of the overhead power line which is planned for the construction with an existing overhead line and to carry out an assessment of compliance of the field levels with the prescribed limits.

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Maja Grbić, Stefan Obradović, Aleksandar Pavlović, "Calculations of electric and magnetic fields at the location of the intersection of two overhead power lines", RAD Conf. Proc., vol. 8, 2024, pp. 83-88; http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2024.16

High Intensity Laser-Plasma Particle Sources

A COMPREHENSIVE BEAMLINE FOR PROTON AND ION BEAMS ACCELERATED VIA LASER- PLASMA INTERACTION: THE APPROACH IMPLEMENTED AT THE I-LUCE FACILITY

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2024.17

Received: 8 OCT 2024, Received revised: 16 JAN 2025, Accepted: 23 JAN 2025, Published online: 31 JULY 2025

Abstract | References | Cite This | Full Text (PDF)

The potential for developing compact, high-brightness particle and radiation sources has significantly advanced laser technology, particularly by enhancing laser efficiency and repetition rates. This progress is evident in the new generation of ultra-fast, high-power laser systems operating at high repetition rates, which have been installed across the world. A new high-power laser facility, "I-LUCE" (INFN Laser Induced Radiation Acceleration), is currently entirely under construction at LNS-INFN (Laboratori Nazionali del Sud – Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare) in Catania, Italy. This paper provides an overview of the I-LUCE facility, highlighting its main features and potential. It also includes a detailed description of the beamline designed for proton and ion beam transport and selection, as well as a thorough description of the diagnostic and dosimetric systems developed for dosimetric and radiobiological applications.

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G. Petringa, A.D. Pappalardo, R. Catalano, C. Altana, A. Amato, S. Arjmand, D. Bandieramonte, D. Bonanno, G. Cuttone, C. Manna, G. Messina, A. Miraglia, M. Musumeci, D. Oliva, S. Passarello, G. Sapienza, J. Suarez-Vargas, M. Tringale, S. Tudisco, F. Vinciguerra, F. Abubaker, F. Farokhi, S. Fattori, M. Guarrera, A. Hassa, A. Kurmanova, A. Sciuto, G.A.P. Cirrone, "A comprehensive beamline for proton and ion beams accelerated via laser-plasma interaction: The approach implemented at the I-LUCE facility", RAD Conf. Proc., vol. 8, 2024, pp. 89-95; http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2024.17

High Intensity Laser-Plasma Particle Sources

IMPLEMENTING PLASMA-DISCHARGE CAPILLARY DESIGN FOR VERY HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON (VHEE) APPLICATIONS AT I-LUCE FACILITY

S. Arjmand, A. Amato, R. Catalano, G. Cuttone, C. Manna, D. Oliva, A.D. Pappalardo, G. Petringa, J. Suarez, F. Vinciguerra, G.A.P. Cirrone

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2024.18

Received: 31 OCT 2024, Received revised: 29 JAN 2025, Accepted: 14 FEB 2025, Published online: 31 JULY 2025

Abstract | References | Cite This | Full Text (PDF)

Very high-energy electron (VHEE) radiotherapy (RT) has gained significant attention as a viable approach for cancer treatment, offering enhanced dose distribution and deeper penetration (up to 30 cm) compared to traditional photon-based therapies. VHEE RT also supports ultra-high dose-rate (UHDR) irradiation, enabling FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) to deliver therapeutic doses in milliseconds while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. However, the practical implementation of VHEE has been limited by the lack of hospital-scale accelerators. To overcome this barrier, high-gradient laser-plasma accelerators (LPAs) have emerged as a promising solution, offering cost-effective, compact, table-top accelerators suitable for clinical settings, although the required laser systems may not be as compact. We investigate VHEE applications at the upcoming I-LUCE radiation production facility at INFN-LNS, using a plasma- discharge capillary. Dose delivery estimate for a 200 MeV electron beam is reported through GEANT4 Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, exploring the development of next-generation radiotherapy techniques.

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S. Arjmand, A. Amato, R. Catalano, G. Cuttone, C. Manna, D. Oliva, A.D. Pappalardo, G. Petringa, J. Suarez, F. Vinciguerra, G.A.P. Cirrone, "Implementing plasma-discharge capillary design for very high energy electron (VHEE) applications at I-LUCE facility", RAD Conf. Proc., vol. 8, 2024, pp. 96-102; http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2024.18

High Intensity Laser-Plasma Particle Sources

LASER DRIVEN USER FACILITIES AND STATUS OF I-LUCE AT LABORATORI NAZIONALI DEL SUD OF INFN (ITALY)

DOI: 10.21175/RadProc.2024.19

Received: 28 NOV 2024, Received revised: 7 FEB 2025, Accepted: 21 FEB 2025, Published online: 31 JULY 2025

Abstract | References | Cite This | Full Text (PDF)

Laser-driven ion acceleration has emerged as a promising technology in accelerator physics, offering a compact alternative to conventional machines. By utilizing the interaction of high-intensity laser pulses with plasma, ions can be accelerated to high energies over short distances, enabling a wide range of applications in medical therapy, materials science, and nuclear physics. This paper provides an overview of the current facilities worldwide where laser- driven ion acceleration is being studied and implemented, and where laser-driven beams are made available to users for fundamental and applied research. It specifically focuses on the ELI-Beamlines facility (Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic) and the I-LUCE initiative facility (Catania, Italy), which aims to establish a laser facility at the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (INFN-LNS). The main characteristics of these facilities and their generated beams are briefly discussed.

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G.A.P. Cirrone, D. Margarone, S. Arjmand, G. Petringa, J. Suarez, R. Catalano, A.D. Pappalardo, D. Oliva, C. Altana, A. Amato, D. Bandieramonte, D. Bonanno, G. Cuttone, L. Giuffrida, C. Manna, A. Miraglia, M. Musumeci, D. Rizzo, S. Tudisco, M. Tringale, F. Vinciguerra, "Laser driven user facilities and status of I-LUCE at Laboratori Nazionali del Sud of INFN (Italy)", RAD Conf. Proc., vol. 8, 2024, pp. 103-109; http://doi.org/10.21175/RadProc.2024.19

Volume 8, 2024

Table of contents

List of Reviewers